On which of the following is atheism based?

Atheism is fundamentally grounded in human reason, as it often stems from a reliance on empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and critical thinking rather than faith or belief in the supernatural. Atheists typically seek explanations for the universe and human existence based on observable phenomena and rational thought processes. This approach emphasizes the importance of questioning established doctrines and using reason as a primary tool to understand the world.

While human nature, the conflict between good and evil, and the conflict between the material and the spiritual can all be relevant discussions in the context of belief systems, they do not fundamentally define atheism. Instead, atheism's core is the conclusion reached through rational inquiry and skepticism regarding the existence of deities, leading to a non-belief stance that is intellectually grounded in human reasoning.